Development

Middle Chinese

1. Loss of Middle Chinese tone system

Input	Reflex	Note
/ᴴ/	//
/ˣ/	//

2. Conversion of lateral dental approximant to retroflex approximant

Input	Reflex	Note
/^l/	/ɻ/

3. Merger of retroflex stops with retroflex affricates

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ɖ/	/ɖ͡ʐ/
/^ʈʰ/	/ʈ͡ʂʰ/
/^ʈ/	/ʈ͡ʂ/

4. Conversion of retroflex dz to z

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ɖ͡ʐ/	/ʐ/

5. Conversion of palatal nasals to retroflex approximants

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ȵ/	/ɻ/

6. Merger of palatal affricates and fricatives with their retroflex counterparts

Input	Reflex	Note
/^d͡ʑ/	/ɖ͡ʐ/
/^t͡ɕʰ/	/ʈ͡ʂʰ/
/^t͡ɕ/	/ʈ͡ʂ/
/^ʑ/	/ʐ/
/^ɕ/	/ʂ/

7. Merger of retroflex with dentals

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ɳ/	/n/
/^ɖ͡ʐ/	/d͡z/
/^ʈ͡ʂʰ/	/t͡sʰ/
/^ʈ͡ʂ/	/t͡s/
/^ʐ/	/z/
/^ʂ/	/s/

8. Loss of aspiration

Input	Reflex	Note
/^t͡sʰ/	/t͡s/
/^pʰ/	/p/
/^tʰ/	/t/
/^kʰ/	/k/

9. Conversion of palatal approximants to velar approximants

Input	Reflex	Note
/^j/	/ɰ/

10. Conversion of palatalized allophone of velar fricative to velar approximant

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ɦˠ/	/ɰˠ/
/^ɦi/	/ɰi/
/^ɦɨ/	/ɰɨ/

11. Merger of glottal fricatives with velar stops

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ɦ/	/g/
/^h/	/k/

12. Loss of velar nasal

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ŋ/	//

13. Loss of glottal stop

Input	Reflex	Note
/^ʔ/	//

14. Loss of velarization

Input	Reflex	Note
/ˠ/	//

15. Formation of Vi̯ closing diphthong

Input	Reflex	Note
/([aɛeᴇɐɑʌ])i$/	/$1i̯/

16. Formation of Vu̯ closing diphthong

Input	Reflex	Note
/([aeᴇɪəɑ])u$/	/$1u̯/

Formation of medial -j-

Input	Reflex	Note
/i([aæᴇɪ])/	/j$1/

Formation of medial -w-

Input	Reflex	Note
/w([ɑæɛeəɨ])/	/w$1/

Development of medial -ɥ-

Input	Reflex	Note
/iu([ᴇɪ])/	/ɥ$1/

Development of medial -wj-

Input	Reflex	Note
/wi/	/w/

Development of medial -ɥ-

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɨuɑ/	/ɥa/
/ɨ[uɑɐ]/	/ja/
/ɨi/	/i/
/ɨʌ/	/jo/
/ɨ[ou]/	/ju/
/ɨ$/	/i/
/ɨ([nŋ])/	/i$1/

Development of medial -u-, -ʉ-

Input	Reflex	Note
/ʉ([ɐi])/	/w$1/
/u([aɛəɑʌo])/	/w$1/

Development of -a vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/a/	/a/
/æ/	/a/
/ɛ/	/a/
/ɐ/	/a/
/ə/	/a/
/ɑ/	/a/
/ʌ/	/a/

Development of -e vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/e/	/e/
/ᴇ/	/e/
/ai̯/	/e/

Development of -i vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɪ/	/i/
/ei̯/	/i/

Development of -o vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/au̯/	/o/
/o/	/o/

Development of -u vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/eu̯/	/u/
/iu̯/	/u/
/u/	/u/

Development of bisyllabic roots from closed syllables

Input	Reflex	Note
/([a])([mnŋ])/	/$1.$2a/
/([a])([ptk]\u031A)/	/$1.$2a/
/([ei])([mnŋ])/	/$1.$2i/
/([ei])([ptk]\u031A)/	/$1.$2i/
/([ou])([mnŋ])/	/$1.$2u/
/([ou])([ptk]\u031A)/	/$1.$2u/

Loss of intervocalic velar nasals

Input	Reflex	Note
/.ŋ/	/./

Voicing of intervocalic stops

Input	Reflex	Note
/.p̚/	/.b/
/.t̚/	/.d/
/.k̚/	/.g/

Conversion of ɰ- to j-

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɰ([aeiou])/	/j$1/

Conversion of ɰj- to j-

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɰj([aeiou])/	/j$1/

Conversion of ɰw- to w-

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɰw([aeiou])/	/w$1/

Loss of medial -w- between consonants and -a vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/(.)wa/	/$1a/

Loss of w- in front of front vowels

Input	Reflex	Note
/we/	/e/
/wi/	/i/

Loss of w- in front of back vowels

Input	Reflex	Note
/wo/	/o/
/wu/	/u/

Loss of ɥ- in front of front vowels

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɥa/	/wa/
/ɥe/	/e/
/ɥi/	/i/

Palatalization of dental stops in front of i

Input	Reflex	Note
/di/	/d͡zi/
/ti/	/t͡si/

Palatalization of velar stops in front of i

Input	Reflex	Note
/gi/	/d͡zi/
/ki/	/t͡si/

Palatalization of dental stops in front of j

Input	Reflex	Note
/dj/	/d͡z/
/tj/	/t͡s/

Palatalization of velar stops in front of j

Input	Reflex	Note
/gj/	/d͡z/
/kj/	/t͡s/

Palatalization of dental affricates

Input	Reflex	Note
/d͡z/	/d͡ʑ/
/t͡s/	/t͡ɕ/

Palatalization of dentals in front of i

Input	Reflex	Note
/ni/	/ȵi/
/zi/	/ʑi/
/si/	/ɕi/

Palatalization of dentals in front of j

Input	Reflex	Note
/nj/	/ȵ/
/zj/	/ʑ/
/sj/	/ɕ/

Loss of j- in front of front vowels

Input	Reflex	Note
/je/	/e/
/ji/	/i/

Loss of r- in front of -i vowel

Input	Reflex	Note
/ɻi/	/i/

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